Multiple Choice Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Various Choice Exam - Essay Example 1998; Haines 2004; McDonald 2007). All through this article, we will depict the points of interest and weaknesses of explicit test types and questions, and in the long run, we will show up at various decision assessments and consider why these tests are ideal for an evaluation of information and capacity. The sorts of tests which can be utilized to evaluate understudies are extensive: exposition, short answer, useful, seen question, bring home versus in-class, open-book, or oral assessment are only a couple (McDonald 2001). Each approach is joined by explicit favorable circumstances and detriments which make them suitable for specific circumstances. Exposition tests, for instance, survey not just the understudy's information on a specific region, yet additionally their capacity to lucidly define a composed answer that is clear and direct, and it has the bit of leeway that fractional credit can be doled out dependent on the nature of the appropriate response gave (McDonald 2001; (McDonald 2007). Notwithstanding, hindrances incorporate that scoring of exposition tests can frequently be jumbled by subjectivity in figuring out what qualifies as a right answer and what number of focuses might be in this way granted. Understudies with poor composing abilities, who are as learned as their fr iends, might be punished all the more seriously in their reactions because of linguistic and grammatical inadequacies in their composing which are inconsequential as far as anyone is concerned of the specific inquiry (McDonald 2001; (Haines 2004). In that capacity, it is particularly critical to consider these points of interest and inconveniences while choosing the kind of test which will be used. In the previous scarcely any decades, to a limited extent in light of innovative advances that have made evaluating less requesting, different decision tests have come into favor in a wide scope of scholastic and non-scholarly settings (Merritt 2006). We will consider the favorable circumstances and impediments of various decision tests and how they might be utilized in later areas. Sorts OF EXAM QUESTIONS While the wide-assortment of test types may recommend there is a significantly more noteworthy measure of inquiries, this really demonstrates not to be the situation. Truth be told, test questions can be refined down into two different sorts: open-finished and shut finished. Open-finished test questions give an inquiry or articulation and request the test-taker to respond to the inquiry by drawing upon their own insight (Genesee and Upshur 1996). Open-finished inquiries require a capacity to recognize what the inquiry is posing and build up a well-spoken answer that fulfills all the necessities of that question (Genesee and Upshur 1996). Exposition, short answer, and fill-in-the-clear type questions are altogether instances of open-finished inquiries. Issues with these kinds of inquiries can be subjectivity and protraction in the reviewing procedure. Be that as it may, they are profitable in that they require a nuanced capacity to deliver a rational and fitting answer from one's own insight (McDonald 2001). Shut finished inquiries, not at all like open-finished inquiries, don't require the test-taker to separate the appropriate response exclusively from past information; rather, shut finished inquiries give a previous arrangement of expected answers notwithstanding the inquiry being posed (Genesee and Upshur 1996). Since all understudies select from a lot of destined answers, the tests are apparently progressively objective

Parts Emporium Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Parts Emporium Argumentative Essay The stock is lost, its individual records for items are not appropriately ordered, the client care is lacking, and there is loss of potential deal. Outline and information Of stock measurements (stock turns) are not accessible. Sue needs to make sense of how to eliminate the enlarged inventories, alongside improving the lacking client support. She chooses in the first place test of two items to explore the principle reason of the issues the GAUGE exhaust gasket and the 08032 drive belt. Examination: Parts Emporium is confronting different issues because of its stock issues. These issue may impact the organization in both long haul and present moment as these issue may request a great deal of time to be redressed, Their first issue is the client support division, which spots arranges on the delay purchase which are not filled from stock immediately which sets the organization to free of expectations to its rivals. The second and the most serious issue is the necessity and need to the Parts Emporium for another stock administration framework. At the point when the stock and client support information was from the distribution center was mentioned by Mackey, she couldn't get those information. This prompts circumstance where the organization can't follow where the cash is being lost and how to determine the circumstance as their present framework isn't powerful and effective.

Blog Archive Banza Co-Founder Brian Rudolph Details His Recipe for Success on Venture for America Podcast

Blog Archive Banza Co-Founder Brian Rudolph Details His Recipe for Success on Venture for America Podcast Today, many aspiring MBAs and MBA graduates want to join start-ups or launch such companies themselves. Is entrepreneurship as exciting as it seems? Is it really for you? mbaMission Founder Jeremy Shinewald has teamed up with Venture for America and CBS Interactive  to launch  Smart People Should Build Things: The Venture for America Podcast. Each week, Shinewald interviews another entrepreneur so you can hear the gritty stories of their ups and downs on the road to success. In the eighth podcast episode, Shinewald interviews Venture for America Fellow and Banza co-founder Brian Rudolph. Banza offers a twist on regular pastaâ€"it is made from chickpeas and is completely gluten- and grain-free. Listen to the podcast to hear the delicious details of Rudolph’s journey to selling a groundbreaking new product: After test cooking the pasta dozens of times, realizing that he might be on to something when his roommate went from merely tolerating the dish to requesting it Finishing product development only days before appearing on the reality television show Restaurant Startup Burning through $100K in just a few weeks to meet the demand from his first buyer Subscribe to the series to be among the first to hear each episode on its release day! Share ThisTweet News

Who Is The African - American Women What Value Does She

Who is the African - American women ? What value does she hold in the Black community? Is she a simple submissive puppet that has no voice? Is she simply an object used to do work and make babies? Or is she physically, mentally, and emotionally weaker than her opposite sex, which means she can never be called an equal? In society, we are faced with different forms of designations and descriptions that lead to the establishment of a person s identity. These identities would entail gender inequality, race, ethnicity, economic background, and religion. Identities are used to oppress individuals making it nearly impossible to overcome the obstacles that are insinuated with these traits. Overcoming any of these identities is an epic feat and†¦show more content†¦Dubois’ message of equal rights, in his book entitled The Souls of Black Folk, was hindered due to his lack of consistency on the inclusion of women during the civil rights movement. Many times, we hear about the cruelties that African Americans face because of slavery and racism. However, our education system has failed us on narrating the actual monstrosities that took place. It is known that blacks were less than actual humans this can be seen through the three-fifths clause in the constitution. However, we quickly forget that originally when African people came to America they were called â€Å"Savages† (Azevedo 482) this term became the identity of the slaves in America. They were viewed as subhuman, simple beings, and that they needed guidance to function. The fate of African-American female slaves were victims of â€Å"rape and sexual violence...and African American women have borne the children of their beloved and the children of their oppressors.† (Azevedo 485) â€Å"The idea that black women were only unacceptable to look at and fit...to serve a white man in his fields or in his bed.† (Azevedo 485) This let the African American wom en know that their bodies and the babies that came from their bodies belonged to their masters and they were not worthy enough to have control over their own being. In the 1970s, the case of Joanne Little where a young woman was put into prison, but during her stay, a whiteShow MoreRelatedThe Continuous Injustice And Discrimination Have Served1667 Words   |  7 Pagesserved as a motivation for African Americans to create a voice for themselves. Although protests could be visualized as marches and sit-ins, they were not limited to these methods. African American writers made sure to create a space for themselves to protest and convince with their words and emotions put into their pieces.African American literature comprises of the African American culture itself. Works that fall into this genre focus on the hardships that African-American have and continue to faceRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Beneatha In A Raisin In The Sun1487 Words   |  6 PagesCharacter Analysis â€Å" A Raisin in the Sun† is a play written by Lorraine Hansberry about the life of an African American family during the era of segregation. The play starts off with the Younger family receiving a 10,000 dollar check from Mr. Younger’s insurance policy. The family argues over what they are going to do with it. Mama wants to buy a house with it, Walter wants to invest in a liquor store, and Beneatha wants to use the money to go to medical school. The contrast of the characters’ personalitiesRead MoreGender Labeling And Gender Stereotypes1551 Words   |  7 Pagesto the overflowing, constant reminder of what each gender looks like and how each should act. The article entitled, â€Å"Gendered Media: The Influence of Media on Views of Gender† is about the three themes that influence gender stereotyping. Given the themes, it is revealed that the U.S is a male subjugated culture and that the female is viewed as obscure. The underrepresentation of women is the primary distortion of reality says the author Julia Wood as she states the first of three themes. The secondRead MoreThe Journal Of Negro History Essay1680 Words   |  7 Pages What I am analyzing about this research paper, I am going to talk about the African American Culture and the story am going to bring up is called Everyday use and an Literary Criticism called â€Å"The Journal Of Negro History†. First am going to talk about â€Å"Everyday Use† which it talks about a character girl name Dee saying she is reclaiming her heritage but she really actually rejecting it more violently than ever and by doing that she doesn t see how important her family cul ture is. On theRead MoreDiscrimination, Anti Feminism, And Gender Inequality1455 Words   |  6 PagesInequality In Films Women power has increased throughout the 20th and 21st century by means of statutory laws, legislative ascending, and Civil Rights Movements. Gender and race has been the target of numerous discriminatory laws that have persisted throughout time. Two major films have portrayed the endurance of women on issues of gender discrimination and discriminatory laws. The Color Purple, based on the same novel by Alice Walker, discusses the suffering of African American women through anti-feminismRead MoreAn Analysis Of Sojourner Truths Ar Nt A Woman?1680 Words   |  7 Pagesthe 19th century, black women faced a plethora of hardships culminating from hundreds of years of oppression and denigration while simultaneously fighting for equal rights with all other women. One of the biggest obstacles that was necessary to overcome was one of the most common ideologies of the West, the Cult of True Womanhood. This Victorian ideal of womanhood defined women within a domestic sphere and required th em to be subservient to their husbands (Broude). These women gave up much more thanRead MoreThe Pursuit Of The American Dream1250 Words   |  5 Pagesof the American Dream in A Raisin in the Sun The American Dream embodies the ideals of freedom, equality, and opportunity. However, there are several interpretations of the American Dream because the idea explores the personal values of individuals. The differentiation between priorities and contrasting views of success amongst individuals can often effect how one defines the American Dream. In A Raisin in the Sun, written by Lorraine Hansberry, the play addresses the struggles of African AmericansRead MoreAfrican American Women Have Suffered From Psychological And Physical Oppression1561 Words   |  7 PagesFor years, African American Women have suffered from psychological and physical oppression. During Enslavement, Black women were treated worse than men. They had no control over their bodies and were used as tools for the white slave owners’ enjoyment. Submission was expected, and therefore any form of resistance would have led to a series of whippings. Unfortunately, the abuse was not only received from the slave masters, but from the mistresses as well. Filled with envy, they would verbally andRead MoreThe Double-Fold Oppression Of Intersectionality. The American1642 Words   |  7 PagesThe Double-Fold Oppression of Intersectionality The American nation has long served as a battlefield for whites and their social norms versus African Americans and their native cultures. Although successful in previous years in acquiring basic civil rights, the early 20th century signified the African American downfall as their white foes discovered a new source of perilous power. From the early to mid-1900s, white backlash increased with the passing of legislature to segregate blacks, most prominentlyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Everyday Use 1207 Words   |  5 PagesIn the reading, Everyday Use, there are three characters who all seem to be different, but are from the same bloodline. Though this story can be interpreted to have a lot of meaning, I am going to use this story uses this story to signify characterization, comparing the women in the story, introducing each characters motives of life, and also the meaning of Family Heritage for African Americans. Walker, who is the author of this piece, includes a woman in the stor y referring to her as, Mama. The

Movie Analysis Crash - 1606 Words

There are many movies out there that take a viewpoint form so many angles, this movie Crash does this that. Watching this movie brought about many emotions from my own life but to get a sense of what other people in the world go through when it comes to interacting with other races, the experiences we’ve had with them and also the perspectives we hold inside of us overall. This chapter will look at three scenes form the move crash and break each one of them down to showcase the significance of what individual were feeling in the move and what we can take away from that. I will also look at one character and describe how I can relate to it in general. I will also touch on some of the main issues from this movie that we can take way from. What connects with that is the counseling aspect. I will also dive into the characters that I will focus on and the aspect of them getting help from a counselor to get beyond the conflict that we know where this paper is headed and what I am go ing to cover, lets first dive into detail about three significant scenes in the move. The first scene I will talk about in this movie is when Terrence Howards character Cameron Thayer is in the car and Anthony attempts to rub him and take his car. The scene progresses and they both fight and the cops end up following them while they are fighting in the car. When the cops have the vehicle surrendered, Cameron Thayer’s gets out of the car and starts yelling at them. ThisShow MoreRelatedMovie Analysis : The Movie Crash 1662 Words   |  7 Pagesneed to know in a short amount of time.When it comes to the textual analysis of it all it all depends on how the script is written not only that but how the script is played out in the film. In the textual analysis of a film you have to really pay attention to the environment during the film. You have to pay attention to the race in the film, the themes throughout the film and the gender roles played in the film. In the movie Crash we see many pairs where they each have their own different points ofRead MoreMovie Analysis : Crash 1055 Words   |  5 Pages1108 23 November 2015 Movie Analysis Although the movie Crash aired in 2004, the movie does a phenomenal job at depicting social conflicts that are still evident in 2015. Crash, also deals with wide range of controversies and offers multiple narratives. And since narrative is always a two-way street, the movie does a great job of showing two perspectives of everything. More specifically, it challenges our ethical and moral beliefs in a sense that many of the scenes in the movie reside in the grey areaRead MoreMovie Analysis : Crash 1362 Words   |  6 Pagescalled â€Å"Crash†, this movie basically talks about racism and the impact it has on the lives of people in Los Angeles. This movie got a good response from the viewers, as it concentrated on some real harsh realities of racism and asked some hard questions which are generally avoided in movies. This movie clearly promotes the a very delicate issue, and hence requires some detailed assessment. I personally feel the movie was good and it portrayed some very common events of racism, I think â€Å"Crash† showsRead MoreMovie Analysis : Crash 1853 Words   |  8 Pages GENRE I RACE IN THE FILM CRASH DEPARTMENT OF FILM AND CREATIVE WRITING INTRODUCTION TO FILM STUDIES B MODULE CODE: 09 24802 STUDENT ID: 1613440 MICHELE AARON UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM 1. Introduction This paper is a critical analysis of the American film Crash, directed by Paul Haggis which was performed for the first time in 2004. This essay will therefore deal with Gender I and Race, two of the approaches discussed in the subject Introduction to Film Studies B in the secondRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Crash 963 Words   |  4 Pagesindividual, for instance the way they perceive others and also the way they perceive themselves. Paul Haggis’s movie â€Å"Crash† conceptualize on this idea and interpret it in an in entirely different way; so that we can see that there are reasons and motives to why our society is separated this type of way. The movie is full of many sociological issues, such as gender, race, and social class. The movie is centralize around racism, and wants to give its own interpretation on racism, the reasons why it happensRead MoreDepth Analysis of the Movie Crash2037 Words   |  7 Pagespaper will provide a broad analysis of the movie Crash, and yet a specific picture of visual narrative techniques and audio techniques. The categories contributing to the nucleus and major movie components are theatrical elements, cinematography, editing, and sound. The Academy Award winning movie Crash is a story about society s controversial subjects projected in an in your face depiction of lives that in some way or another, cross. Depth Analysis of the Movie Crash The over-all theme ofRead MoreMovie Analysis : The Movie Crash1926 Words   |  8 PagesThe Movie Crash takes place in Los Angeles, California in the winter time. Throughout this movie, all of the stories connect in one way or another. This movie shows the lives of a diverse population of people, they have different race and social classes. In one of the first parts of the movie, they show a racist pawn shop owner that refuses to sell a gun to a man, simply because he is speaking to his daughter in another language, he generalizes all people of that race and accuses the man of â€Å"killingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Crash 1394 Words   |  6 PagesCRASH! This was the last sound Tim Horton heard before he crashed into the woods. His drunk body made the violent rolling of the car feel like nothing. His mind still back at the bar, crying for a better life. He wanted this attempt to be painless and quick, but was depressed to see his immaculated body upside down in his turnovered car. The drunk had no more tears to shed, he had no screams to let out; all he could do was hit his head against the seat. He wanted something to break ,but his mindRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Crash Essay1448 Words   |  6 PagesWriting Inquiry  Ã‚   September 29, 2106  Ã‚           Ã‚   Crash Movie Essay  Ã‚   Since the beginning of time, the world has been intolerant of people that are different or stand out. People have an issue accepting others that have contrasting views, values, opinions, beliefs, and even appearances. Whether we like it or not, there is a little bit racism in all of us, although it may not be as evident in one person as it is in another. In the 2004 film,  Crash, race is portrayed as being an abnormality that negativelyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Crash 1174 Words   |  5 Pages Crash, a movie released in 2004, was set during what seemed to be quite a short time after the incident of 9/11. The entirety of this film paints such an emotional and touching portrait of racism within our seemingly modern society. It shows quite a few ethnic stereotypes that many people still will witness today; an older man who must obviously be Muslim because he s from the Middle East, and a Latino gang member who bears an assortment of tattoos and sports a shaved head. The interactions

Social Networking - 1401 Words

Technology in terms of social networking plays a vital role in maintaining a long-distance relationship. A research in the Cyber Psychology, Behavior, and Social Networking compared the role of Social Networking Site in a long-distance romantic relationship (LDRR) and in a geographically close romantic relationship (GCRR). The authors came to a conclusion that â€Å"Individuals in LDRR were more likely than individuals in GCRR to use SNS for relationship maintenance by using SNS to express their involvement and to gauge their partner’s involvement†¦ For LDRR couples, because of a lack of physical and social means to perform and experience relationship maintenance processes, the findings suggest that SNS is an important alternative† (Billedo et†¦show more content†¦This app contributes to the maintenance of a relationship. Psychological benefits of this advent are undeniable. People will enjoy a merrier lifestyle knowing that they can instantly communicate with their significant others. Parents are able to take care of their children. The overwhelming depression and loneliness will vanish. Military soldiers can get in touch with their wives and children. There will be fewer broken promises. They will have more time to spend with their children because time is precious. During a deployment, unpredictable events can happen. Parents and child can even play games together even though they were miles apart. Cuddling while watching a movie was a wish of many couples; eventually it is just only a few touches away. 3D image does not only exist in fictional movies anymore. Furthermore, individuals will not have to suffer from interruption due to the low quality connection. A high speed internet chip is incorporated into the final design to ensure that people’s gathering is stable at all time. Entrepreneurs and technology corporations have been working on this proposal for years before introducing a flawless product to the public. Kevi n Randall from Multitech Corporation proudly represents his work â€Å"Let me introduce you to â€Å"Closure,† a stepping stone for the technology era and the whole community. We adoptShow MoreRelatedEssay on Facebook and Social Networking947 Words   |  4 Pagespart of the popular Facebook culture for various reasons, such as its renowned opportunities for keeping in touch with current social circles, reunifying long lost family and friends and broadening prospects of finding new companions. Facebook removes some of the barriers that may limit our regularity of communication with people, upholding the geographic differences, social class, busy lifestyles and economic factors that may usually discourage us from regular contact. (Cooke 2011, pp. ix-4) FacebookRead MoreThe Influence of Social Networking Website2105 Words   |  9 PagesWhat is Social Networking Website? The definition of social networking is â€Å"the relationships that exist between network of people† (Walter Ribiere, 2004). Today, when we talk about social networking, we think of social networking websites like Facebook, MySpace, and Twitter, which are the top three popular social networking sites in the United States (Alexa.com, 2010). These sites are defined as web-based platforms that allow individuals to build their own profiles and reflect social relationsRead MoreSocial Networking759 Words   |  4 PagesFacebook than on social activities. Newton has a daughter on 12 years old. Newton cannot help her daughter with the homework, because she spends too much time on Facebook. Another example is Paula Pile, who is a therapist. Paula has three clients with different Facebook issues. That conclude that Facebook leads people from the real world into the network world, because people enjoy more time on Facebook than in real life. Newton checks her Facebook-site many times i n a day, for social updates aboutRead MoreImpact Of Social Networking. A Social Networking Is An1819 Words   |  8 PagesImpact of Social Networking A social networking is an online interaction service that managed to build people and connect them with shared interest. Social networking sites such as MySpace, Facebook, and Twitter has attracted millions of users who have integrated these sites into their daily practices. Last year, there were 483 million daily active users on average in December 2011 and they had 845 million monthly active users at the end of the said year (Facebook, 2011). Moreover, theseRead MoreSocial Networking1161 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Networking Online social networking is when people connect with other people online through certain websites. I believe the most common websites today include Facebook, Twitter and Myspace. What people do is create their own profile account, and post information, photos, videos, and comments. Those things then get reserved on a news-feed for your whole fan base to see. I believe that the good of social networking far outweighs the bad. It seems to me that if you have internet and knowRead MoreSocial Networking1200 Words   |  5 PagesSPEECH 2 OUTLINE TOPIC: Social Networking ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERN: Topical SPECIFIC PURPOSE: Informative THESIS STATEMENT: I will be informing the audience about social networking in three aspects. INTRODUCTION ATTENTION GETTER: When you log onto your computer and start up a web browser, what is the first website that comes to mind? Facebook? Myspace? Maybe Twitter? These websites are just some of the worlds top social networking sites in the worldwide webRead MoreSocial Networking1544 Words   |  7 PagesAn Essay Social Networking –a Paradox- Success or Failure Introduction ---Teenagers will freely give up personal information to join social networks on the Internet. Afterwards, they are surprised when their parents read their journals. Communities are outraged by the personal information posted by young people online and colleges keep track of student activities on and off campus. The posting of personal information by teens and students has consequences. I will discuss the uproar over privacyRead MoreSocial Networking1198 Words   |  5 Pagespicture and blocked the two teens from my account; I didn’t need them starting any rumors. In the segment â€Å"Facebook: Editing Myself†, by Mrigaa Sethi, the main character seems to be overwhelmed by all of the pressure added onto her by means of social networking sites. She feels as though every person who comes into contact with her page will judge her if they see provocative or derogatory statuses or pictures. Sethi’s traumatic stress began when she received a Facebook message from one of her creativeRead MoreSocial Networking2040 Words   |  9 PagesResearch Paper on Social Networking: Research Paper on Social Networking by Alessandro Cecconi EDD 8012 CRN 200820 Management and Evaluation of Instructional Technology and Distance Education Programs Nova Southeastern University December 17, 2007 2 Definition The term â€Å"social networking† does not exclusively belong to digital technology on the Web. On the contrary, social networks had been studied from the beginning of 20th century with the aim to comprehend how the members of a certainRead MoreSocial Media And Social Networking1431 Words   |  6 Pages105 Analysis 3 11-28-16 The meaning of social media is the utilization of electronic and portable advances to transform correspondence into an intuitive discourse. Social networking, then again, is a social structure with individuals who are joined by a typical intrigue. Obviously, now, the meaning of social media appears like a misrepresentation. In the most recent quite a while, innovation has brought us extremely distant from where we began and social media nearly appears as though it is a totally

autism therapy Essay Example For Students

autism therapy Essay Albert Einstein, a world genius behind the famous E=mc, Ludwig Van Beethoven and Wolfgang Mozart, the two great maestros who altered the face of classical music, and Keanu Reeves, a versatile Hollywood actor who rose to the ranks of fame and fortune: great achievements by great people. All these men have two things in common. History, that each of them had made in their own fields, and gifts, that have driven them to their fullest. Who would have thought that their being extraordinary could bring them this far? Very little is known that these persons were not as great as the others when they were still young. Sadly, they were even less to some who consider themselves higher than the rest. Why? Because unlike others, Albert, Ludwig, Wolfgang, Keanu and all the others, were born with a condition called as autism (Dr. Rhandy Pebenito, 2004) Autism is a disability that interferes with the normal development of the human brain in the areas of reasoning, social interaction and communication skills, typically appearing during the childs first three years (What is Autism?, the Autism pages 2004, from the Autism society of America). It occurs in roughly 15 to 20 of every 10,000 births and is five times more common in males than in females (Autism: What to look for, pamphlet by the Autism Society of the Phils.). Although recent advances have been made with respect to possible roots, the exact cause of this condition remains unknown. Children and adults with autism typically have deficiencies in verbal and non-verbal communication, social interactions and leisure or play activities, making it a big obstacle for them to relate to the outside world. They may exhibit repeated body movements like hand flapping, rocking or unusual responses to people or attachments to objects, and resist any changes in routines. In some cases, aggressive and/or self-injurious behavior may be even present. Certain behavioral, educational, and pharmacological interventions have been demonstrated to be helpful for many individuals with autism, however, there is currently no cure for the disorder. In this great pursuit to find a solution to the difficulty brought by Autism, both for the individual and the care givers, discoveries on symptomatic interventions for autism emerged. Some of which are sensory-motor therapies, facilitated communication, auditory integration training, and sensory integration therapy. Even those who have directly or indirectly encountered this condition were involved in this constant search for answer. Two of them were Martha Welch and Temple Grandin. Dr. Martha Welch coined that a mothers restraint and holding of a child would lead to normal responses to maternal cues and nurturing interactions and would put an end to the childs avoidant behavior. Holding therapy caught wide-spread attention when Dr. Welch began using it as a means of working with children with autism (www.autism-pdd. net/treaforme.html). Temple Grandin, on the other hand, is an adult with autism who has written two books about her life: Emergence Labeled Autistic, and her recent book, Thinking in Pictures. She describes her severe anxiety and how her discovery of deep pressure ultimately helped her reduce the anxietys debilitating effects (Edelson www.autism.org/hugbox. html) Research has played a vital role in this continuous struggle, by providing an avenue for discovery, and refinement of existing knowledge (Polit Hungler, 1999). It is for the same reason that this study aims to further investigate the effectiveness of holding therapy in relation to behavioral outcomes and emotional attachment of preschool autistic children to their primary caregivers, which Martha Welch and Temple Grandin have once proposed. Since it is yet to be again proven that these measures, through this study, are therapeutic, hopes arise for possibilities of newer trends to be applied to nursing practice and even in the emphasis on the primary caregivers role with these special children. .

The Scientific Method Isnt What it Used to Be

Definition and Discussion

Definition and Discussion Lexical meaning  refers to the  sense (or meaning) of a word  (or lexeme)  as it appears in a dictionary. Also known as semantic meaning, denotative meaning, and central meaning. Contrast with grammatical meaning  (or structural meaning). The branch of linguistics thats concerned with the study of lexical meaning is called lexical semantics. Examples and Observations There is no necessary congruity between the structural and lexical meanings of a word. We can observe a congruity of these meanings, for example, in the word cat, where both structural and lexical meaning refer to an object. But often the structural and lexical meanings of a word act in different or even diametrically opposite directions. For example, the structural meaning of protection refers to an object, while its lexical meaning refers to a process; and conversely, the structural meaning of (to) cage refers to a process, while its lexical meaning refers to an object. The tension between structural and lexical meanings I call the antinomy between grammar and the lexicon... The essential aspect of the interrelation between structural and lexical meanings is that lexical meanings constrain grammatical rules. Yet, in stating the laws of grammar we must abstract from the lexical constraints on the rules of grammar of individual languages. The laws of grammar cannot be stated in terms of the lexical constraints on the rules of grammar of individual languages. These requirements are captured in the following law: Law of Autonomy of Grammar From the Lexicon The meaning of the structure of a word or a sentence is independent of the meanings of the lexical signs that instantiate this structure. (Sebastian Shaumyan, Signs, Mind, and Reality. John Benjamins, 2006) The Sense Enumeration Model The most orthodox model of lexical meaning is the monomorphic, sense enumeration model, according to which all the different possible meanings of a single lexical item are listed in the lexicon as part of the lexical entry for the item. Each sense in the lexical entry for a word is fully specified. On such a view, most words are ambiguous. This account is the simplest conceptually, and it is the standard way dictionaries are put together. From the perspective of a typed theory, this view posits many types for each word, one for each sense. . . . While conceptually simple, this approach fails to explain how some senses are intuitively related to each other and some are not. . . . Words or, perhaps more accurately, word occurrences that have closely related senses are logically polysemous, while those that do not receive the label accidentally polysemous or simply homonymous. . . . Bank is a classic example of an accidentally polysemous word . . .. On the other hand, lunch, bill, and city are classified as logically polysemous. (Nicholas Asher,  Lexical Meaning in Context: A Web of Words. Cambridge University Press, 2011) The Encyclopedic View Some, though by no means all, semanticists have proposed that lexical meanings are encyclopedic in character (Haiman 1980; Langacker 1987).  The encyclopedic view of  lexical meaning is  that there is no sharp dividing line between that part of a words meaning which is strictly linguistic (the dictionary view of lexical meaning) and that part which is nonlinguistic knowledge about the concept. While this dividing line is difficult to maintain, it is clear that some semantic properties are more central to a words meaning than others, particularly those properties that apply to (almost) all and only the instances of the kind, which are intrinsic to the kind, and which are conventional knowledge of (almost) all of the speech community (Langacker 1987: 158-161). (William Croft, Lexical and Grammatical Meaning.  Morphologie / Morphology, ed. by  Geert Booij et al.  Ã‚  Walter de Gruyter,  2000) The Lighter Side of Lexical Meaning Special Agent Seeley Booth: Im glad that you apologized to the Canadian. Im proud of you, Bones. Dr. Temperance Bones Brennan: I didnt apologize. Special Agent Seeley Booth: I thought . . .. Dr. Temperance Bones Brennan: The word apology derives from the Ancient Greek apologia, which means a speech in defense. When I defended what I said to him, you told me that wasnt a real apology. Special Agent Seeley Booth: Why dont you think of a word that means you feel bad for making someone else feel bad? Dr. Temperance Bones Brennan: Contrite. Special Agent Seeley Booth: Ah! Dr. Temperance Bones Brennan: From the Latin contritus meaning crushed by a sense of sin. Special Agent Seeley Booth: There. Thats it. Contrite. Okay, Im happy that you contrited to the Canadian. (David Boreanaz and Emily Deschanel in The Feet on the Beach. Bones, 2011)

Email and Internet Usage Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Email and Internet Usage Policies - Essay Example Upon orientation, which all new staff must go through, rules and regulations regarding use of the company intranet and email system are clearly spelled out, in a specific section of the employee handbook. Instructions are also given on how to handle setting up new accounts, dealing with technical support issues and any other questions regarding the intranet or email. New employees meet with at least one member of the IT staff during orientation. Each new employee is visited by a member of IT staff within 24 hours, if contact via email or phone does not solve a specific problem an employee has. Specific policy regarding email applies to all employees, whether administrative, health care, support or maintenance staff. For health care or medical records staff who may have frequent contact with other care providers, policies regarding patient information are reviewed during orientation. It is acceptable for health care staff to email others within the organization on patient status or ot her pertinent information, particularly when some new records have not been scanned into the system. However, health care workers are encouraged to fax necessary records or supporting documents. Health care staff within the organization are encouraged to print pertinent emails regarding patient status, attach them to patient records, then delete messages. All messages are automatically deleted after 3 days. Archiving of email messages is discouraged, as it poses a risk of patient information falling into the wrong hands, though the risk is slim.

Nazi Germany Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nazi Germany - Essay Example European history exhibits myriad number of totalitarian practices before, during, and after the first half of the 20th century. In this respect, Nazi Germany became part of the totalitarian history in Europe. This followed the appointment of Adolf Hitler as the Chancellor of Germany on the 30th of January, 1933 (Paxton and Julie 317). Hitler and his party consolidated political power in Germany and controlled every aspect of people’s lives. As a result, Nazi Germany was not necessarily an anomaly of history, since there had been other totalitarian rulers before Hitler. For instance, Tsars government in Russia had centralized political power and authority even before Hitler was appointed as Germany’s chancellor. While totalitarian practices were not new in the history of Europe, Hitler had taken his rule to another step. Hitler’s form of leadership took totalitarian rules and practices to an extreme high end. He not only controlled the lives of the people in Germany, but also destroyed political institutions and eliminated all aspects of opposition in his leadership. The cultural, social, economic, religious, and political face of Germany critically changed over the years of Hitler’s rule (Paxton and Julie 342). Consequently, the impact of Germany’s history on that of Europe remains alive to date. The cultural and social aspects of Germany were not spared by Hitler’s rule, and the Nazi Germany critically reshaped these aspects. For instance, homosexual rights groups were restricted in the year 1933, Jehovah witnesses were massively arrested from the year 1936, habitual criminals were arrested and punished from 1937 onwards, employment of Jews was banned in the year 1938, and Jewish businesses were sold to Aryans (Paxton and Julie 359). These among other activities characterized the kind of life that people lived in Germany, following the

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Essay Example for Free

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Essay A. What is the difference between a contribution income statement and a traditional income statement? Contribution income statement is an income statement that classifies cost by behavior (fixed cost and variable cost). Traditional income statement is sometimes called the functional income statement. It is an income statement prepared in the multiple-step or single –step income statement format which conforms to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and can be used for external financial reporting. The main difference between the two is that the contribution income statement list variable costs first, followed by fixed costs. Keeping in mind that GAAP and does not permit businesses to use the contribution income statement for financial accounting – it is used only for internal decision making purposes. B. What is the difference between absorption costing and variable costing? Absorption costing is a costing method where product cost includes all the costs to acquire products and get them ready to sell regardless of whether the costs are variable or fixed. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles requires business to use absorption costing for financial accounting. Variable costing is a method of costing where only the costs to acquire products or to get them ready to sell that vary with output are treated as product costs. In other words, only variable product costs are treated as product costs. For manufactures, the difference between absorption costing and variable costing is significant. For example, when Caterpillar uses absorption costing to determine the cost of manufacturing, its product cost includes the direct material, direct labor, variable manufacturing overhead, and fixed manufacturing overhead cost incurred to make the bulldozer. These costs are added to inventory and they are not expensed as cost of goods sold until the bulldozer is sol. However, when Caterpillar uses variable costing, product cost, includes only direct material, direct labor, and variable manufacturing overhead costs. Under variable costing all of Caterpillar’s fixed manufacturing overhead cost is treated as period cost. When Caterpillar uses variable costs are added to inventory (direct material, direct labor, and variable manufacturing overhead). Under variable costing, Caterpillar expenses fixed manufacturing overhead as it is incurred just like it does other period cost such as selling and administrative expense. F. What is the contribution margin ratio and how does it differ from the contribution margin? Contribution margin is the amount remaining after all variable costs have been deducted from sales revenue. It is an important piece of information for managers, because it tells them how much of their company’s original sales dollars remain after deducting variable cost. Contribution margin ratio is the contribution margin expressed as a percentage of sales. Contribution margin ratio can be calculate by dividing the total contribution margin by total sales or by dividing the per unit contribution margin by per unit selling prices.

Assisi, Italy Essay example -- Observation Essays, Descriptive Essays

Assisi Before and After Francis and Clare? Assisi is a town located in the province of Perugia and Umbrian region of central Italy (?Assisi?).? It is located at the foot of Monte Subasio, which is 1300 feet or 400 meters above sea level. The narrow, winding streets and the surrounding city walls are indicative of the region?s medieval history (?Assisi?).? Although the town is primarily known as the birthplace of St. Francis, it was an important location for the Umbrians, Etruscans, and Romans (?Assisi?).? As an ancient Umbrian center, the townspeople fought with the neighboring Etruscan cities.? In 89 BC, Assisi became a confederated Roman city and a municipium named Asisium (?12. Franciscan Sanctuaries?).? Today the remains of the Roman forum, the amphitheater, and most noticeably the Temple of Minerva serve as a testament to this city's ancient Roman origins.? In the early Middle Ages, the town was subject to the dukes of Spoleto, and in the 12th century, Assisi became an independent commune involved in internal dispu tes and wars with Perugia.? It joined the Papal States in the 16th century and the Italian kingdom in 1860 (?Assisi?).? The medieval architecture and religious artwork left by the various inhabitants of Assisi have given this town a timeless quality.? Although it is a town of the twenty-first century, millions of tourists and religious pilgrims flock to the area seeking simplicity, reflection, and peace. From Paganism to Christianity Under the Romans Under the Roman Emperor Augustus, the grand Forum was constructed; various temples were built; the city walls were completed; the baths and healing springs of mineral waters were opened; and the theater was constructed along side the amphitheatre.? T... .... Connor, Mary OSC. Personal Interview. 10 November 2003. ?Earthquake Jolts Assisi.? Franciscans and St. Anthony Press. 16 Nov. 2003. . Lattin, Don.? ?A Renaissance in Assisi; St. Francis? Hometowns Rebuilds After 1997 Quakes.? The San Francisco Chronicle. 12-23-99, A-1. Miller, Ramona, O.S.F. In the Footsteps of Saint Clare - A Pilgirms Guide Book. St. Bonaventure, NY: The Franciscan Institute, 1993. ?Temple of Minvera.? Convento S. Antonio. 16 Nov. 2003. . ?1. St. Francis and St. Clare ? Life and Times.? Franciscan Institute Outreach ? Malta. 19 Nov. 2003. < http://198.62.75.1/www1/ofm/fra/FRAlife1.html>. ? 12. Franciscan Sanctuaries.? Franciscan Institute Outreach ? Malta. 19 Nov. 2003. .

Effects of the use of web-based tools in Blended Learning Essay

Technology has made a deep impact on all aspects of human lives ranging from communication to learning and enhancing individual performance. The conventional classroom is slowly being replaced by computer based training and online learning environments that has penetrated remote corners of the globe via the Internet. The use of information and communication technologies in education has transformed traditional methods of learning and teaching practices. The personalized learning environment offered by the online medium has great potentials and can influence the learning process to a considerable extent. Technology has been a great enabler of transforming and re-defining the way a system operates and the wide variety of applications that it can support. Many web based learning environments use innovative technologies that have revolutionized the learning process over the past few years. Distance learning through the use of collaborative tools and technologies available has made significant breakthroughs in the field of learning. In the past few decades a number of tools and technologies have emerged that has enabled the users to adopt distance learning courses and training departments are using it to provide cost effective means of implementing learning and development programs for their employees spread across the globe. The online learning environment is supported by various types of tools that provide high level of interactivity and collaborative features enabling participants to exchange messages, files, videos and presentations. This kind of technology is increasingly being used in a wide range of applications ranging from facilitating electronic discussion between students to enabling distance learning programs through web conferencing. The revolution in communication and information technology has had a profound effect on the teaching and learning process. The change is visible in developing learning communities online. Most of the countries and even developing economies are stressing on the use of computers as an instructional medium. E learning encompasses a wide variety of tools and technologies that can be used to stimulate the learning process in an individual. With the help of this technology a variety of online learning services are made available ranging from online searches, tutorials, college courses, and professional courses to professional training and individual development programs. The E learning model adopts high level of audio and video interaction integrated with graphics and animation tool to present the learning module in an attractive format. Educational institutions and business organizations are increasingly adopting the e learning model for learning and training purposes. E learning is being increasingly used as a solution for delivering online learning regardless of physical locations or time constraints. The whole world has become an increasingly connected global community that can share ideas and exchange information through the Internet. More people across the globe are turning towards the latest technology gadgets that have made communication channels smoother and faster. It has proved to be a big resource for individuals who would like to learn a new skill or train themselves in new fields while pursuing their current employment. Hence, E learning field has provided new and better learning opportunities extending its reach beyond university campus and corporate learning centres. Blended learning – an overview Blended learning has been described as a â€Å"phrase introduced by the distance learning community in recognizing the value of synchronous learning activities, like face to face interactions with instructors and collaborative work with peers, as complements to activities performed asynchronously by individual learners† (Howard et al. , 2006). The blended learning system includes both web based learning and traditional classroom learning environment. The web based learning system provides the students with self paced learning modules that they can pursue at leisure and convenience depending on their learning capacity. This learning environment also provides E learning tools that enable live discussions and online learning programs. The conventional classroom settings are used to clarify doubts and queries regarding the course content and student progress. An effective learning environment facilitates interaction between the learners that increases the scope to exchange ideas and opinions, share experiences and assess their level of understanding on the subject matter. A classroom environment provides this kind of face to face interaction enabling the students sharing the same learning goals to coordinate with each other, communicate their ideas and information. Jonassen (1988) has stated in his works that the effectiveness of any learning environment is based on the types and levels of cognitive and metacognitive activity engendered in the learners. It is widely accepted that learning is enhanced in instructional settings where students are engaged in processing personally relevant content and are reflective during the learning process. Learners that participate in active learning activities find learning a more pleasurable and increasingly effective than engaging in monotonous lecture sessions. Online learning provides the learners with the scope to explore the topics and study related theories that increase their level of understanding. The key ingredient to a successful computer based learning application is its ability to interact with the student and direct the flow of learning in accordance with the student capability. The visibility and presentation of information through attention grabbing graphics and multimedia tool make this a more effective learning platform. Once the attention of the student is on the learning tool the application needs to stimulate the learner’s curiosity that in turn leads to search for answers and in-depth study of the learning module. The most effective teaching method involves a high level of interaction between the teacher and the student. A dedicated teacher is one who understands the student’s learning capacity and his shortcomings and guides him through with effective feedback. A two-way communication between the teacher and the student is very effective in the learning process. Computer based learning applications are continually striving to achieve the human to human interactivity level and have been quite successful in this venture with the aid of multimedia based technologies. Blended learning combines the positive aspects of both conventional classroom learning and online learning to provide an enriching learning experience to the students. Web-based tools There are wide varieties of computer-mediated communications technologies that enable manage and support E learning. These tools have facilitated extensive collaboration and communication protocols providing an enriched learning environment. Some of these tools are email, chat, video conferencing, web conferencing, newsgroup, blogs, forums, virtual classrooms, and message boards. Synchronous and Asynchronous tools â€Å"E learning is commonly referred to the international use of networked information and communications technology in teaching and learning. It refers to educational processes that utilize information and communications technology to mediate asynchronous as well as synchronous learning and teaching activities† (Naidu, 2006). Both synchronous and asynchronous tools can be used effectively to communicate, exchange and form ideas and information on a specific subject matter. Synchronous E learning is live, real time facilitated instruction, and learning oriented interaction that enables learners to use electronic means to collaborate and participate in live forums. The root of synchronous E learning has been derived from three main influences: the classroom, the media, and the conference. The virtual classroom uses highly interactive forms of synchronous E learning tools to simulate a conventional classroom environment. White-board, discussion rooms, and break out areas are some of the concepts used to enhance interactivity between learners in a virtual classroom. Naidu (2006) also observes that most of the applications are built around the synchronous learning model that makes use of tools like virtual learning environment, rapid E learning, web casting, web conferencing, video conferencing, webinars, live E learning, and e conferencing. These synchronous E learning tools help in connecting dispersed learners, facilitating real time interaction and collaboration, fostering a sense of immediacy and co-presence, developing a learning community, and enabling access to subject matter expert resources. This kind of learning environment rules out gender and personality dominance that tends to overpower in a traditional classroom setting. It encourages learners towards better teamwork, collaboration skills, strong motivation and extended peer support (Naidu, 2006). Asynchronous tools like emails, electronic forums, online discussions, blogs, provide a platform for students and teachers to discuss ideas and opinions on a specific topic. This form of E learning is â€Å"commonly facilitated by media such as email and discussion boards, supports work relations among learners with teachers, even when participants cannot be online at the same time† (Hrastinski, 2008). This provides a form of flexibility to the learners since they can access learning materials and information any time according to their convenience. The learners can log on to an E learning environment and access training materials, receive and send messages to peers and tutors. In higher education, learners can pursue online courses while taking care of other commitments. Asynchronous E learning tools have the advantage of enabling users to access information and pursue their subject matter with greater degree of concentration allowing the mind to process the information at leisure. However, it also has some significant drawbacks that include greater learner discipline since the learner has to take initiatives to login and make use of the information and tasks involved in learning process. This kind of learning process is more impersonal and isolated as compared to synchronous learning tools that enable live interaction (Ashley, 2003).

Synthesis Essay James H. Doolittle - 1391 Words

Synthesis Essay - James H. Doolittle MSgt Leonard O. Bravo Air Force Senior Noncommissioned Officer Academy Synthesis Essay - James H. Doolittle For just a moment, imagine being asked to volunteer as mission lead of a team of 16 B-25 Bomber crews and carry out a mission that’s nearly certain to be a one-way bombing run. Alternatively, ask yourself what type of leader can motivate you enough to volunteer for such a daring mission. Do you truly embody the service before self core value in which you are willing to pay the ultimate sacrifice to advance your country’s war efforts? James H. Doolittle was undoubtedly a visionary and ethical leader when he led the WWII mission that took place in January of 1942. In this essay, we will review†¦show more content†¦When the aircraft carrier shipped off with the 16 bombers and crew, the plan was to bomb five major Japanese cities, but after the USS Hornet was detected, the raid plan changed, according to History.com (HISTORY.com, 2009). The Doolittle Raiders were forced to alter their plan and strike a day early, concentrating thier attack completely on Tokyo where all 16 aircraft successfully dropped four bombs each and caused a psychological blow to the Japanese. Doolittle’s Cognitive Flexibility with the plan of attack allowed his crews to adjust accordingly to the early detection, and proceed with the Plan B mission successfully (BCEE, 2017). Despite having a reputation for risk taking and flexibility, Doolittle’s actions and decisions that led him to begin this WWII journey were ethically calculated. Ethical Leader Despite having found success in the civilian sector, Doolittle was bound by his morals and his allegiance to America, so he had to make some calculated choices to help shape his ethical decision of returning to service, then to accept the daring WWII mission. Doolittle left the US Army Signal Corps in 1930 for higher paying work with Shell Oil Company and was successful with the adoption of advanced aviation fuel according to History.com (HISTORY.com, 2009). But after WWII kicked off he reasoned through his options as he thought about his purpose as an American (BCEE,

Branches of Government and UCC - 1558 Words

BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT AND UCC 1.FLOWCHART OF BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT The government is a single term yet comprised of several different components that collaborate to run the business of the country by making, stating, implementing and ensuring law. The US government has three branches namely legislation, executive and judiciary (Three Branches of Government, 2008). 2. DESIGNATE TWO UCC CLAUSES THAT ALIGN WITH EACH BRANCH The term UCC stands for Uniform Commercial Code that was published in 1952 (Uniform Commercial Code, 2013). The code tells how to correspond the sales law and other business and commercial transactions in America. There are two clauses of codes that deal with each branch at one level or the other: a.If the court as a matter of law finds the contract or any clause of the contract to have been unconscionable at the time it was made the court may refuse to enforce the contract or it may enforce the remainder of the contract without the unconscionable clause, or it may so limit the application of any unconscionable clause as to avoid any unconscionable result (What Is the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC)? n.a). b.When it is claimed or appears to the court that the contract or any clause thereof may be unconscionable the parties shall be afforded a reasonable opportunity to present evidence as to its commercial setting, purpose, and effect to aid the court in making the determination (What Is the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC)? n.a).Show MoreRelatedEssay on Three Branches of Government725 Words   |  3 Pages Instructors, training on how to grade is within the Instructor Center. Assignment 1 Branches of Government Create a flowchart of the three branches of government and associate two (2) Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) clauses for each branch of government. Designate the relationships among the governmental branches. In an accompanying document, exemplify the types of powers of each branch of government and include these items: * Taxing and spending powers * Limits on both federalRead MoreTheories of Leadership and Forms of Power1431 Words   |  6 PagesBranches of the Government and the UCC Prof: Dr. Michael Hanners Strayer University Read MoreSocial Media Has Changed Communication1100 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Social media has changed how people communicate and interact, how marketers sell products, how government reaches out to citizens, even how companies operate (Kirkpatrick, n.d.).† As the prevalence of social media continues to rise, consumers are recognizing ways in which social media can direct them to better sources of purchasing. Social media sites like Twitter, LinkedIn, and Facebook have allowed businesses to market their products and scout for employees. As a result, businesses are nowRead More2- May 2014, HW assignment 1 Chapters 1-8 Due 13MAY2014 Ahmed Elbadawy 1) List the sources of1600 Words   |  7 Pagesconsists of many layers that interact together at different stages of government in order to support the personal rights, duties and describe the frame work of business, at the very base of these sources lays the constitutional law that can be simplified as the whole body of principals that describes the governmental structure and states the relationship between the people and their government. It is divided into two main branches the state constitution and federal constitutions. As well other sourcesRead MoreContract and Electronic Reserve Readings. 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Digital Divide High Tech Devices Or Information...

Digital divide: is the division between those who lack communication through high tech devices or Information Communication Technology (ICT) to access the use of the Internet and those that have access to these devices. The five factors in my opinion responsible for digital divide are: age, disability, rural area, income, and education. 1. Age – Even though people are living longer, it doesn’t change the fact that there is a gap between the younger age group using the Internet compared to the elderly. The young-adults age group is more open-minded to change when it comes to technology, wherein the elderly are more close-minded. The majority of the elderly feel they have no interest or need to access the Internet. They are in their†¦show more content†¦stroke), are more than likely not to own computers, tablets, kindles, iPads, etc., which can limit their ability to access the Internet. Let’s not forget our Veterans who are coming home with all types of disabilities that have a great effect and limit their use of technology. Even though, there are other means of accessing the Internet such as, Smart phones, and televisions; the disabled individual may have difficulty finding adaptive software to assist them with using such devices. Cost of adaptive software may also be problematic because the software is not free. Thus, causing frustration in accessing the Internet. For me, with my hearing loss, I find it very frustrating when I surf the Internet via laptop or cell phone and realize few websites that have the option of including â€Å"closed caption† so that I can read the clip instead of trying to listen to the clip; therefore, I’m at a disadvantage because I’m unable to hear or read the clip to get a full understanding of what I am viewing. On the other hand, I do have this feature on my landline telephone, which is a tremendous help in receiving incoming calls. 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Consumer Behaviour Customers Loyalty in B2C Relationship

Question: Describe the Case Study for Consumer Behaviour of Customers Loyalty in B2C Relationship. Answer: Relevant theory underpinning organizational buying Organizational buying can be defined as the process which covers decision making. The formal organization is responsible for creating the need for the product or services. It includes the process of identifying, evaluating and selecting the from the different brands and suppliers. Organizational buyers can be defined as a limited number of customers for a limited number of products. Organisational buying behavior is generally in large numbers. The relationship is generally closed which is very much required. The demand is usually generated from the production and sales of buyers (Wang, 2014). There is also the risk of high demand fluctuation in which there is fluctuation in the purchase of a certain product from the organizational side. The buyers of organizational are mostly trained personnel. The purchase of the organization is also influenced by many persons. There is a lot of transition happening as the organizational buyer deal with manufacturers for bulk purchasing. There are different organizational buying situations. They are straight rebought, modified rebuy, new task by, and systems buy. In straight rebuy situation, there is only purchasing department which is involved. The purchasing department gets instructions from the inventory control department (Wang,2014). The order may be of reordering the material. The inventory control department also takes into consideration the quotations from different vendors which are approved. The suppliers who are approved has to make an effort for maintaining quality in their service, while the out suppliers try to make efforts in getting their name list in the approved list. To get on the approved list the supplier has to offer something which is new or innovative (Wang,2014). The risk of the buyer that the delivery charge is decided by the buyer. If any item is lost in the process of shipping, the shipping charge has to be refunded to the buyer by the seller. If an item is damaged in the process, then the only exchanged is available no refund is made. All payments must be done by PayPal account (Jang, 2012). All the items can cancel but before delivery, once the items are processed no cancellation is offered. Key factors that are likely to affect the organizational buying The key factor which is likely to affect the organizational buying from Zoro Stationery Limited is: External environmental factors The external environmental factor aspect affects all most every aspect of business. It also includes buying decisions. The money markets show fluctuations. There interest rates also have a major impact on the buying strategies (Jang,2012). If there is an increase in interest rate than it buying will be reduced by Zoro stationery limited. The changes in the law of corporate will also affect the buying from Zoro Stationery limited. The regulatory changes which are related to the stationery industry can affect the Zoro stationery limited. Political environment Any change in the government policy will affect directly to the organizational buying patterns (Carrington,2010). Social environment Society and culture are ever changing. Each organization has to change in order to meet up the changes in the society. For example, there is an increase in a number of the customer using a colored pen than the stationary store has to increase the production of stationary. Competition In todays world, one has to stand oddly to get success. So if the competitor of Zoro stationary comes with the new product, then it also has to come out with a different product. So it is necessary for Zoro stationary to follow the trends (Carrington, 2010). There is also another factor which affects the buying pattern; they are organization's mission, its structure, its policies and procedures, technology level, and human resource skills. Reducing the potential risks associated with him (as a new staff member) selling to important customers Zains line manager bust has assisted him in reducing potential risk by the following strategy: It should offer in-house training to sell the product to the most important customer. The focus should be on the job training which can cover the critical needs of the employer. The needed information should be provided to the new employee. Preferred methods of the organization should be learning to the Zain as he was new to the field. The detail of customer should be given to him completely (Carrington, 2010). What the customer is buying from the last few years also should be given to him. The details of a variety of product what the company is offering should be given in depth to the Zain. Also, a small test on the name of the product, its description, and its benefit should be taken by line manager to check the knowledge of Zain. Zain should also update with the new product of the company. Thus, in this way potential risk can be avoided enough the staff is new and the customer is important. Typical organizational buying and why it is different from the process of consumer buying. Both organizations as well as consumer buying need to buy products to meet their daily requirements. There are several differences between organisational buying and consumer buying, where organizations buy the products to meet their organisational objectives. These objectives can be cost reduction, meeting employee needs, profit maximization etc. Most of the purchases made by an organization plan in advance where it is an impulse in consumer buying (Bunn et al. 2001). Organizations are more rational during their purchase, wherein the individual buying process it is more spontaneous and to their own satisfaction. For example an organization will plan the employee lunch, they will choose the menu and then order it while in the consumers decision, it will be decided just minutes ago about where to go for a lunch break. And from the previous experiences of Zain he never had confronted the organizational buying, but he was more into selling products to the clients directly and thus he was surprised when at his first meeting. There are a number of people involved in purchasing of product and there will be a wide range of influence in decision making in the organizational buying, wherein the consumer buying the extent of participation from people will be very less (Cova and Elliott, 2008). The Car manufacturer is a formal type of organizational buying which can be stationery requirements established by the organization, where it will be more informal in the case of consumer buying. As there were four buyers buying stationery for various divisions within the company, volume of buying differs in organizational buying and consumer buying which might have surprised Zain during the meeting. Typical DMU (Decision Making Unit) for organizational buying may operate as a car manufacturer If we try to see it from a literature point of view, then the whole team making the decisions and negotiation of products is known as the decision making unit. There are in total six roles in the decision making process, namely, Users are the people who are actually going to work with the purchased products and will influence on the specifications (Hilton and Jones, 2010). The next comes is the influences which exert influence on the purchasing process by laying down the preconditions and these people are found at every level of the organization. The next will be the buyer who will actually negotiate with the suppliers and places the order and they play one of the great roles in the decision making unit. Initiators are the people who recognize the problem and bring the solution for it. Deciders are the people who choose the suppliers and due to that they take up a great position in the decision making unit. The last comes on board will be the gatekeepers who are responsible for information provided to the decision making unit and thus by providing the appropriate information this person can influence the decision making strongly. For example Toyota Motor Corporations structure is based on various operations around the world. Toyota has a divisional organizational structure which went to change because they had a strong centralized global hierarchy, where all the decision were taken from the HQ in Japan and the individual business units do not communicate with each other (Sen et al. 2008). This organizational structure comprised of chairman, President and Executive vice president in charge of Human resource majorly. This structure of decision making was criticized for slow decision making and three outside board of directors was added to the decision making panel to reflect their opinion in managements decision making. These boards of member advice the management in decision making on the basis of their experiences and expertise. Thus, Toyota has built a very diverse structure with the right person for the right position. Selling to an organizational DMU may differ from Zains previous experience of selling retail good There is a difference between selling to an organizational DMU and Zain never had an experience as such. Zain confronted consumers/public where there is a simple language used to reach a consumer while in organizational selling the organization can make use of jargon. Zain majorly confronted people where their choices are emotionally triggered while in organizational selling they seek for efficiency and expertise. The consumer buying which Zain had an experience, the customers there are happy with their purchase and it is individual relation wherein an organization it a team that needs to be look upon and making them thankful for their excellent decision (Fawzy and Samra, 2008). Zain was surprised at the first meeting because there was sales and marketing team to cater the organization while a media advertisement or a recommendation from a friend can work in consumer buying. Lengthy contents works for organizational selling as they need to prove their worth and reason for the organization to buy from them, while consumers prefers it to be short and lower priced as far as their needs are fulfilled. Zain would or would not have thought of building a close relationship with the consumer while selling the products to them, but in case of organizational selling it is must to build a strong relationship and following the brand to generate more profit. There is a long chain of approving purchases in an organization which Zain was confused with while in an individual buying the person makes his/her own speedy purchase decision with a little recommendation or suggestions from other. Initial perception reflecting on Zains experience Buying behavior has a lot many factors that need to be analysed accordingly and helps to understand the concept of purchase and decision making by consumers. Initial perception matters when a buyer is well known about the product or has a satisfactory result for the products. There are some changes that need to be addressed and an organization need to achieve those targets accordingly. This states that initial perception is the main period that the customer thinks about the purchase and examines the features of the product. The case study here reveals a different truth with some statements that need to be analysed by the company and make sure that the customers are satisfied with the products and the service they get as a long term decision making process (Bagherzad et al. 2011). Surprising stimuli are seen over and there are perceptions that need to be categorized with the instinct and the knowledge of the product that is gaining accordingly. There is some cumulative impact that needs to be altered and examined with the purchasing behavior. Zains experience In second week when Zain had a visit to the customer of Zoro stationery in an educational unit. The appointments were previously fixed and Zain visited to introspect about the customers who made a difference with the expectations. The stationery and office equipment buyers had many years of experience, so they expected a good understanding that revealed the situation of the company. This seems that the company had a larger view regarding the sales personnel who used to come over to visit them and know their expectations (Khan, 2012). The customer had actually a very high expectation, therefore he had an urge to ask about the product of the company where he could verify the difference in approach and the new features of the new product by Zoro stationery. The customer then questioned Zain about the products and the office document shredders, the customer had a large requirement of the product so it was obvious at this stage to question. At the same time, there was a silence that murmu red between them about lack of knowledge of the product, Zain had no idea about the product and the features as he was new to the position of Account manager. There arises the conflicts and misunderstanding about the products initial perception. Consumer behavior is affected when a seller is not aware about the product and its uses. The detailed training was actually not received by Zain and this made, the situation is more cohesive. Initially, it is important for a seller or any personnel of the organization to be aware about the products and about its features, this is an initial perception that a consumer expects from a seller (Hassan, Hassan and Mabekoje, 2008). There lacks a purchasing advice by the seller and it does not any more motivate the consumer to purchase a product with the best quality, because as such customer service and customer behavior is an important matter that reflects the purchase decision. Initial perception for future growth and buyer seller relationship An experience matters when buyers are sure about the product and are satisfied about what the product offers them with the maximum satisfaction level at the best price. What matters even is the interpersonal skills and the interactions among the buyer and a seller. When there is an idea of selling, a seller needs to demonstrate about the product and should satisfy the customers according to the need of the customer (Chiou and Dronge, 2006). The relationship between the buyer and seller determines with an interaction and a communication level. This is true when a seller meets the demand of the buyer and interacts accordingly. It majorly replicates the service that he gets from the seller and the product specifications that are utmost necessary for consumer buying behavior. Introducing the toner to the customers Zoro has been providing a renowned designer and manufacturer Cranes with the stationery products and equipments required by the company since last many years. Also Crane is the huge contributor for Zoro as it brought immense business for Zoro being in the list of one of the four major business clients of Zoro. It has been witnessed that this company is a very special and important client for the company which needs to be handled with delicacy and effectiveness (Wang et al. 2012). Zain is new to the stationery company Zoro. Although Zain did go through intense training sessions for understanding the working culture and clients of the company, still Zain lacked me getting the training with dealing with the huge clients of the company. Zain would have understood the details regarding the clients of the company. Zain could have adopted a proper framework to understand, analyze and identify the needs and requirements of the clients and promoting its new products to the clients (Wixom and Watson, 2001). It has been witnessed that the purchasing manager of Crane has never got informed about the new products in the catalogue of Zoro personally. The purchasing manager had no idea about the new high quality toner cartridges which were introduced by the company to the clients. Without having some detailed knowledge about the products it is neither appropriate for the seller to recommend the product to the purchaser nor is it possible for the purchaser to buy the product s without detailed information regarding the product (Bronner and Hoog, 2010). Zain must have used appropriate framework or methodology for introducing the new High quality toners to the purchase manager with a complete presentation which emphasized on the detailing of the product (Vries et al. 2012). First of all Zain must have taken a step to identify the methods and ways the company introduces the new products to the clients. Then Zain could have developed a presentation regarding the benefits and features of the products and highlighting the need and significance of the product for the clients company. Then Zain could have sent a mail or appointment request to the purchase manager informing him to showcase some beneficial product, in this case the High Quality Toner Cartridge (Bronner and Hoog, 2010). Once the purchase manager responded back Zain would have conducted a meeting where he could explain the significance of the product to the purchase manager. This way Zain could be more confident about the product and give enough information to the manager whil e the manager would get easily convinced by understanding the need, importance and usefulness of the product for his company (Wang et al. 2012). Transactional data for selling the products to customer It has been witnessed that Crane is a regular customer of Zoro. Thus, it is a very important client of the company (Esposito et al. 2010). For such long term and highly profitable customers, the company should have different strategies to increase and develop the business relations with the clients. To develop better relationships with the clients and sustain healthy relationships, Zoro must develop some extra strategies and methods to bring more business from the client (Liang and Turban, 2011). In this case, Zoro can use the transactional data to improve the business with Crane and can utilize the data to identify the business pattern of the company. The transactional data has a high importance for any company and thus the companies focus on maintaining and analyzing this data constantly for identifying the changes and pattern of the companys business methodology (Bronner and Hoog, 2010). The transactional data emphasize on various aspects such as the financial information of the company, the product list the company purchases, the budget of the company for stationery expenses, the frequency of business with the company, etc. This would give huge information and would help the company to develop the strategies for expanding its business with the company (Vries et al. 2012). For selling the High Quality Toner Cartridge for Crane, the company must first analyse the product details. The details like the need and requirement of the product, its efficiency, its prices, the quantity needed, etc. Also the transactional data of the company like the number of products crane purchases from Zoro, the prices it spends, the products it requires etc (Liang and Turban, 2011). By analysing these details a comparison should be made that does the requirement of Crane could get satisfied with the new product launched by Zoro? Can the company sell the product to Crane in the desired and placed costs and prices? What would be the quantity of the products that would be required by the company? Answers to this question can be obtained while analyzing the transactional data (Chwelos et al. 2001). By the proper analysis of this data, a strategy can develop and can be represented in the company in a convincing manner to Crane due to which the company would get interested in deal ing with the company. The Proper presentation with some aspects in favor with both the companies would help in getting the company convinced and having a successful business relation with each other (Chen et al. 2011). Building Customer Loyalty Acquisition of a new customer is far more costly than retaining the existing customer. A major portion of the income is derived from the existing customers. Statistics ponder that maintaining organization must work on customer satisfaction and customer loyally along with an increase in sales and other marketing strategies (ZikienÄ—, 2010). Customer loyalty is an ongoing process to develop an emotional bonding between customers and the organization. It facilitates in retaining the existing customer base and attracts new customers.A variety of factors affect the customer loyalty such as monopoly product, good after sale services, cost of the product, psychological attachment, satisfaction with the product. Retention of customer is utmost important for any business to survive. Good quality products and on time service are the major factors for building trust and loyalty in customers. An incentive offer or bonus refers to the existing customers shall make them happy and loyal to the business. However a regular meeting to reach up to their expectations, do more business and acquire more customers would be beneficial for an organization (Yim et al. 2008). Customer loyalty retains with the organization and also generate a regular major income portion for the organization. Repeat business is a win-win situation for the organization. Improving customer relationship develops a brand name. It enhances the brand value. Apple is a far-fetched example of customer loyalty. True advocates of the product inspire confidence in others. If they love it, so will I. Hence develops sales and business success. A balance of retaining existing customers and attracting new ones is must. Customer loyalty is all about building relations and engagement. The more you exhibit positive connections the more loyal your customers become (ZikienÄ—, 2010). Its our responsibility to treat them well as they decide about our business, whether to come back to us or recommend us. The power of mouth publicity is quite instrumental in spreading the word and making brand ambassadors. A positive experience leads to more referrals. It influences for the repeat business. Also explore new range of products offered by us. Amway products are a live example for it. Such factors affect the organizational buying as it includes trained professionals in the decision making. They are influenced by numerous environmental and organizational factors. Individual relationship and positive engagement, create long term benefits for both the parties. Hence Zain Sadiq should consider the above said factors for developing the customer loyalty as the leading motorbike company is an organizational buyer over ten years and retention of the existing customer is far better than acquiring new customers. Maintaining Long-term Relationship An advise to Zain is to develop long-term customer relationships by being honest and best with its quality of the product. The key to success is building engagements beyond one-time projects and then maintain these valuable clients on consistent and on-going basis.There is no such thing as over-communication. So Zian should keep his customers informed on a regular basis about all the goods and services he can provide (Yim et al. 2008). Make the key customers his top priority and add value to their business. Support them in every possible way to entrust their faith in the belief in our organization. Always being resourceful is an added feather. The more value we provide, more they become dependent on us (Yim et al. 2008). So Zain can share information from time to time and also refrain from unnecessary offers which wont interest them (Madhurima, 2014). Honesty builds trust and loyalty. So being honest in the dealings would result in long term relationships and hence it would build a reputation of integrity. So being honest in all the business matters is a most important feature to cultivate. Meeting the deadlines is ground principle for any business to survive. Committing to a deadline means a relief from the worry for clients for its needs and requirements. Therefore, break from worry boosts confidence in clients to rely on us rather than seeing alternatives. The loyal customers should be kept happy for ensuring on-going relationship. Zain can also offer preferential benefits to its loyal customers and honor them for their trust in him. Rewards such as individual or business exclusive discounts, special varied products only for them, rewards programs, etc can be initiated to maintain the existing customers (Lee et al. 2009). Maintaining quality standards and providing best services is the key to any business to survive. Improving brand image, being eminent amongst competitors, reducing market cost an also benefit Zian to develop long-term engagements and also have a strong relationship. Providing high quality toner cartridges at a convenient cost would enhance its sales. After sale services of cleaning, re-filling the ink cartridges, benefitting them with the cost of such toner compared to other suppliers, offering special discounts for bulk purchase, rewarding for their loyalty of giving business since last ten years, aiding with innovative products to support the clients business would definitely help Zian to develop a strong customer base and also retain it. References Bagherzad, A, Chavosh, A. and Hosseinikhah, S. (2011). The Influence of Relationship Marketing Tactics on Customers Loyalty in B2C Relationship The Role of Communication and Personalization, European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 5(31), 49-56. Bronner, F. and de Hoog, R. (2010). Consumer-generated versus marketer-generated websites in pages: an investigation of the effects of social media marketing. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 26, 2, pp. 83-91. Bunn, M. D., Butaney, G. T., Nicole P., and Hoffman, N. P. (2001). 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